You Say Potato, I Say Potatoh

L to R: Yukon Gold, Superior and German Butterball

I've grown a lot of  potatoes in my life, but not likely as many species that you will find at the Midwest Area Vegetable Crops Research Unit where you will find the Potato Germplasm Station; AKA the United States Potato Genebank (USPG).  Yup, the Fort Knox of potatoes is found right here on the peninsula  just north of Sturgeon Bay.  

Before 1950 and the US national plant germplasm system was started, potato breeding was basically  ad hoc by various scientists and breeders.  Consequently they were not available to the whole grower community, and got infected with viruses or otherwise lost. Potato scientists (yes, there is such a thing) organized to lobby for a centralized program to import, classify, preserve, evaluate, and distribute potato germplasm. 

Because we grow a lot of potatoes in our fine state Wisconsin lobbied extensively for a genebank, and we got what we asked-for.  It seemed a good idea to have all of this genetic treasure situated a bit removed from the production area of the state, and the because the UW research farm - Peninsular Agricultural Research Station (PARS) has been located on the peninsula since 1922  Sturgeon Bay was chosen as the USPG home in 1948. 

Unbeknownst to just about everyone it is here that research is performed to facilitate improvements in the potato of the future by promoting the use of valuable exotic genes found in wild potato species.  Wild potato species contain a veritable treasure chest of genetic diversity for potentially useful traits that may be bred into new varieties. These new varieties must be able to overcome the challenges of pests and stresses with less dependence on chemical fertilizers, insecticides and fungicides. The USPG is doing this through a 5-fold approach: acquisition, classification, preservation, evaluation and distribution of potato genetics.  This collection is part of the U.S. National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS) - all 5927 potato specimens in the collection!

Check-out the Champion Spud to the left.

 

Potato scientists have a complete tissue culture lab and growth chamber facility to support a clonal collection of about 1000 tubers. In addition, there are 10 greenhouse compartments in which plants are grown to generate seeds and tubers for distribution to customers, as well as for cooperative and in-house research. Most of this work is performed in the winter.  Additionally, there are four large screenhouses for similar work in the summer. A seed lab is used to extract, dry and package the seeds. Freezers hold the seed collection, and a walk-in refrigerated storage holds research tubers.  

The purpose of USPG, like any genebank is to acquire, classify, preserve, evaluate and distribute germplasm, information and technology pursuant to improving the crop. Right under your nose this is the  only facility in the US with that mission specifically for the potato.  Researchers here also support potato improvement around the world. 

The potato has about 100 species and more wild relatives which are accessible to breeding than
any other crop. At least 70% of new cultivar releases have exotic germplasm from USPG in their family tree.  Indeed, it is here that you will find the grandparent of  the Yukon Gold. 

It all begins here so researchers think about consumers a lot, since potato needs to expand demand to stay profitable.  Here you will find researchers working on evaluating and developing unusual forms like the Colombian orange-fleshed egg-yolk specialty type.  Scientists keep abreast of nutritional news and trends, since any kind of nutritional improvement in potato could make it a more attractive choice to consumers. Since there is no expectation that people will eat more, attention is paid to how the potato could compete better with grains.  And they're on the lookout for totally new outlets for potato.

Finally, substantial attention is given to how Wisconsin germplasm can address the needs of growers in Latin America, since this is a way to say “thank you” to the people who originally donated it to the world.

Fast Fact:  The Honeycrisp Apple (Malus pumila) was developed by the University of Minnesota at their Horticultural Research Center.  Designated as MN1711 in 1974, patented in 1988, and released in 1991, the Honeycrisp, once slated to be discarded, has rapidly become a prized commercial apple.  So, when someone wants to defund government-paid research at major universities it might just have consequences.