We recently went hiking at a newer acquisition to the Door County Land Trust - Bear Creek Nature Preserve. While there our guide explained for us a couple of common parasites that make use of all of the Canada Goldenrod that is feeding the bumble bees this time of year. The following photos were from our walk here on Saturday.
The structure at the top of the stalk is a goldenrod bunch gall or goldenrod rosette gall. It is caused by a tiny insect called the goldenrod bunch gall midge - Rhopalomyia solidaginis.
In early to mid-summer a female midge lays an egg in the top (terminal) leaf bud of the plant stem. As the larva hatches and feeds, chemical secretions interfere with the normal growth signals of the plant. Instead of the stem growing taller it arrests the plant growth and produces a dense, rose-like cluster of short leaves.
The midge pupa overwinters in its chamber deep within the rosette, pupates the following spring and emerges as an adult. The midge gets free shelter, protection from predators, hijacks the plants resources for food and prevents it from flowering and producing seeds like a healthy plant.
You've likely spotted this before; it is called a goldenrod ball gall or stem gall. It is caused by the goldenrod gall fly - Eurosta solidaginis. It is another parasite.
In late spring a female gall fly lays a single egg inside the growing stem of the goldenrod. After it hatches, chemical compounds secreted by the maggot's saliva mimic the plant's growth hormones. This triggers the plant to grow a dense, corky ball of nutrient-rich tissue surrounding the insect. The larva chews an escape tunnel before snowfall, overwinters inside the sphere and by springtime the pupated adult fly escapes. Most of the time.
Further evidence that only the strong survive and weak are killed an eaten; the parasitic gall fly is the target of another parasite.
A small wasp - Eurytoma gigantea uses its ovipositor (egg-laying tube) to lay an egg with the fly larva. Upon hatching, the wasp larva consumes the fly larva, takes over the gall for the winter and emerges as an adult the following spring. Take that!
It's not over yet. Overwintering chickadees and woodpeckers easily locate these round spheres and will peck into them to feast on the fat, protein-rich larva inside.
It's a rough world in nature and a fascinating food web.